Incremental Plans to Improve Python Packaging¶
Note
This essay is not the most recent source of packaging information. It is retained as a potentially interesting recording of my thinking when I first volunteered to be the BDFL-Delegate for packaging related PEPs :)
For more recent information, refer to the Python Packaging Authority’s Python Packaging User Guide.
As of March 2013, the Python packaging ecosystem is currently in a rather
confusing state. If you’re starting a new Python project, should you use the
distutils
system in the standard library to publish your software? Or
should you use setuptools
? If you decide to use setuptools
, should
you download the PyPI distribution that is actually called setuptools
,
or should you download the competing distribute
distribution, which
also provides setuptools
?
If you’re on Linux, it’s quite likely your operating system already comes
with a pre-installed copy of setuptools
. Perhaps you can use that?
The above options all use a Python script called setup.py
to
configure the build and distribution software. You’ll see plenty of
essays on the internet decrying this use of an executable configuration
system, and promoting the use of static configuration metadata instead.
So, perhaps the answer is to avoid all of them and use distutils2
(or `d2to1
), with a setup.cfg
file, or bento
with its
bento.info
file instead?
Even on the installation side, things are confusing. setuptools
and
distribute
both provide a utility called easy_install
. Should you
use that? But there are websites telling you that easy_install
is bad
and you should use pip
instead!
Or perhaps everything above is wrong, and you should be using hashdist
,
conda
or zc.buildout
to create fully defined stacks of dependencies,
including non-Python software?
HALP! MAKE IT STOP!
TL;DR¶
The current situation is messy, especially sinces it makes it hard for users to find good, clearly authorative, guides to packaging Python software. While many people are actively working on improving the situation, it’s going to take a while for those improvements to be fully deployed.
Note
This section is outdated. For more recent information, refer to the Python Packaging Authority’s Python Packaging User Guide.
If all you’re after is clear, simple advice for right now, today, as of March 2013, this is as clear as it gets:
- use distribute to build and package Python distributions and publish
them to the Python Package Index (PyPI). The
setuptools
anddistribute
projects are in the process of merging back together, but the merger isn’t complete yet (I will update this essay as soon as that changes). - use pip to install Python distributions from PyPI
- use virtualenv to isolate application specific dependencies from the system Python installation
- use zc.buildout (primarily focused on the web development community) or hashdist and conda (primarily focused on the scientific community) if you want fully intregrated software stacks, without worrying about interoperability with platform provided package management systems
- if you’re on Linux, the versions of these tools provided as platform
specific packages should be fine for most purposes, but may be missing
some of the latest features described on the project websites (and, in
Fedora’s case, calls
pip
pip-python
due to a naming conflict with an old Perl tool).
Unfortunately, there are a couple of qualifications required on that simple advice:
- use
easy_install
or zc.buildout if you need to install from the binaryegg
format, whichpip
can’t currently handle - aside from using
distribute
over the originalsetuptools
(again, keeping in mind that those two projects are in the process of merging back into a singlesetuptools
project), andpip
overeasy_install
whenever possible, try to ignore the confusing leftovers of slanging matches between developers of competing tools, as well as information about upcoming tools that are likely still months or years away from being meaningful to anyone not directly involved in developing packaging tools
The Quick Start section of the Hitchhiker’s Guide to Packaging provided
by the distribute
team is still a decent introduction to packaging
and distributing software through the Python Package Index. However, the
rest of that guide includes a lot of opinions and plans that don’t quite
match up with reality (this is being cleaned up as part of the current
packaging ecosystem improvement efforts).
After the quickstart, your best options for learning more are likely the distribute project documentation and the standard library’s own guide to Distributing Python Modules (Legacy version).
A (long) caveat on this essay¶
I’m currently the “BDFL-Delegate” for packaging related Python PEPs. It’s important to understand that being a BDFL-Delegate does not mean I automatically get my way - even Guido van Rossum doesn’t automatically get his way in regards to Python, and he’s Python’s actual Benevolent Dictator for Life! This is a large part of why we call him a benevolent dictator - most of the time he only needs to invoke his BDFL status to cut short otherwise interminable arguments where there are several possible answers, any of which qualifies as “good enough”.
Instead, being a BDFL-Delegate means I get to decide when “rough consensus” has been achieved in relation to such PEPs. I’m trusted to listen to feedback on PEPs that are being proposed for acceptance (including any where I am both author and BDFL-Delegate) and exercise good judgement on which criticisms I think are valid, and need to be addressed before I accept the PEP, and which criticisms can be safely ignored (or deferred), deeming the contents of the PEP “good enough” (or at least “good enough for now”).
In the case of packaging PEPs, I have identified a core set of projects whose involvement I consider essential in assessing any proposals (in particular the updated metadata standard described in PEP 426):
- CPython - masters of distutils, the default Python build system
- setuptools - originators of the dominant 3rd party Python build system
- distribute - popular, recommended (and Python 3 compatible) setuptools fork (this project and setuptools are in the process of merging back together)
- pip - Python installer that addresses many of the design flaws in easy_install
- distlib - distribution tools infrastructure, originally part of distutils2
- PyPI - the central index for public Python packages
In addition, there are other projects whose developers provide valuable additional perspectives:
- zc.buildout - powerful and flexible application deployment manager
- hashdist/conda - a “software stack” management system, tailored towards the scientific community, which needs to deal with arcane build requirements and a large user community that is interested in software solely as a tool rather than in its own right
- distutils2 - alternate build system that replaces setup.py with setup.cfg and the last major attempt at bringing order to the Python packaging ecosystem
- bento - an experimental alternative build system
Why those projects? A few different reasons:
- Almost all of the listed projects have representatives that are active on distutils-sig and catalog-sig, the primary mailing lists for discussing changes that affect the overall Python packaging ecosystem (hashdist/conda are currently an exception, but I’m hoping that will change at some point).
- CPython needs to be involved because support for the new standards should be part of the Python 3.4 standard library (just as it was previously proposed that distutils2 would be added to the 3.3 standard library).
- distlib needs to be involved as that is the project to extract the core distribution management infrastructure from distutils2 that almost made it into Python 3.3. It serves as the reference implementation for the new metadata format proposed in PEP 426, will likely be proposed as the basis of any support for the new formats in Python 3.4, and may hopefully be used as part of other distribution tools prior to inclusion in the standard library (as a real world usability test for the API).
- PyPI needs to be involved, in order to act as an effective and efficient publisher of the richer metadata set
- Five of the projects (setuptools, distribute, hashdist, distutils2, bento) provide build systems that are usable with current versions of Python, rather than requiring an upgrade to Python 3.4. If a new metadata standard is to see widespread adoption, all of them need to be able to generate it.
- Eight of the projects (setuptools, distribute, pip, zc.buildout, conda, distutils2, distlib) provide or rely on dependency resolvers and other tools that consume metadata at installation time. If a new metadata standard is to see widespread adoption, all of them need to be able to correctly retrieve and process that metadata from the package index, source and binary archives, as well as the target installation environment.
- Four of the projects (setuptools, distribute, distutils2, distlib) provide tools for accessing distribution metadata at runtime. If a new metadata standard is to see widespread adoption, all of them need to be able to retrieve and process that metadata from the execution environment.
- Between them, these projects and their derivatives, cover the vast majority of the current Python packaging ecosystem. If they collectively endorse an updated metadata standard, it has a good chance of succeeding. If they reject it, then it really doesn’t matter if python-dev nominally accepts it (and, in fact, python-dev would be wrong to do so, as we have unfortunately learned the hard way).
The Phases of Distribution¶
One component severely lacking in the status quo is a well-defined model of the phases of distribution. An overall packaging system needs to be able to handle several distinct phases, especially the transitions between them. For Python’s purposes, these phases are:
- Development: working with source code in a VCS checkout
- Source Distribution: creating and distributing a source archive
- Building: creating binary files from a source archive
- Binary Distribution: creating and distributing a binary archive
- Installation: installing files from a binary archive onto the target system
- Execution: importing or otherwise running the installed files
The setuptools distribution covers all six of those phases. A key goal of any new packaging system should be to cleanly decouple the phases and make it easier for developers to choose the right tool for each phase rather than having one gigantic project that handles everything internally with poorly defined data interchange formats. Having a single project handle everything should still be possible (at least for backwards compatibility, even if for no other reason), it just shouldn’t be required.
distutils isn’t much better, since it is still an unholy combination of a
build system and a packaging system. Even RPM doesn’t go that far: it’s
“build system” is just the ability to run a shell script that invokes
your real build system. In many ways, distutils was really intended as
Python’s equivalent of make
(or perhaps make
+ autotools
),
so we’re currently in the situation Linux distributions were in before the
creation of dedicated package management utilities like apt
and yum
.
It isn’t really a specific phase, but it’s also desirable for a meta-packaging system to define a standard mechanism for invoking a distribution’s automated test suite and indicate whether or not it passed all its tests.
A Meta-Packaging System¶
My goal for Python 3.4 is to enable a solid meta-packaging system, where we have multiple, cooperating, tools, each covering distinct phases of distribution. In particular, a project’s choice of build system should NOT affect on end user’s choice of installation program.
In this system, there are a few key points where interoperability between different tools is needed:
- For binary distribution, an installation tool should be able to unpack and install the contents of the binary archive to the appropriate locations, without needing to install the build system used to create the archive.
- For source distribution, an installation tool should be able to identify the appropriate build tool, download and install it, and then invoke it in a standard fashion, without needing any knowledge of any particular build systems.
- The central package index needs to accept and publish distribution metadata in a format that is easy to consume
- Installation tools need to store the distribution metadata in a standard format so other tools know where to find it and how to read it.
The development phase and the execution phase are the domain of build tools and runtime support libraries respectively. The interfaces they expose to end users in those phases are up to the specific tool or library - the meta-packaging system only cares about the interfaces between the automated tools.
The wheel
format¶
The binary wheel
format, created by Daniel Holth, and formally
specified in PEP 427, is aimed at solving two problems:
- initially, acting as a cache format for
pip
, allowing that tool to avoiding having to rebuild packages from source in each virtual environment - eventually, as build tools gain the ability to publish wheels to PyPI,
and more projects start to do so, as a way to support distribution of
Python software that doesn’t require the invocation of
./setup.py install
on the target system
This is a critical step, as it finally allows the build systems to be
systematically decoupled from the installation systems - if pip
can
get its hands on a wheel
file for a project, it will be possible to
install it, even if it uses some arcane build tools that only run on
specific systems.
In many respects, wheel
is a simpler format than the setuptools
egg format. It deliberately avoids all of the features of eggs (or, more
accurately, easy_install
) which resulted in runtime modifications to
the target environment. Those were the features that people disliked as
being excessively magical, and which limited the popularity of the format.
In two respects, wheel is more complex than the egg format. Firstly, the compatibility tagging scheme used in file names (defined in PEP 425) is more comprehensive, allowing the interpreter implementation and version to be clearly specified, along with the Python C ABI requirement, and the underlying platform compatibility.
Secondly, the wheel format allows multiple target directories to be
defined, as is supported by the distutils
installation operation. This
allows the format to support correctly spreading files to appropriate
directories on a target system, rather than dropping all files into a
single directory in violation of platform standards (although the wheel
format does also support the latter style).
Python distribution metadata v2.0¶
My own efforts are currently focused primarily on PEP 426, the latest version of the standard for Python distribution metadata. My aim with this latest version of the metadata is to address the issues which prevented widespread adoption of the previous version by:
- deciding on appropriate default behaviour for tools based on the experiences of other development language communities
- supporting additional features of setuptools/distribute that were missing from the previous version of the standard
- engaging with the distribute and setuptools developers to ensure both of those projects (or, as is now more likely, the post-merger setuptools) are able to start emitting the new metadata format within a reasonable period of time after the standard is accepted
- simplifying backwards compatibility with those same two projects (just one after the merger) by adding a recommendation for installation tools to correctly generate legacy versions of the metadata that those two projects will be able to easily read
I also plan to design this standard to use JSON as the on-disk serialisation format. There are four reasons for this:
- Over time, the original simple Key:Value format has grown various ad hoc extensions to support structured data that doesn’t fit the simple key-value format. Some fields are “multi-use”, some allow embedded environment markers, one is a space separated sequence of values. Switching to JSON means structured data is supported simply and cleanly, without these ad hoc complexities in the parsing rules.
- to completely replace the existing
./setup.py install
idiom, PEP 426 is going to need to define a post-install hook, and conversion to a more structured format makes it easier to pass the metadata to the registered hook - PEP 376 currently ignores the existence of import hooks completely: it is only correctly defined for Python distributions that are installed to the filesystem. Fixing that will require a structured metadata representation that can be returned from an appropriate importer method.
- TUF (The Update Framework), is an intriguing approach proposed for adding a usable end-to-end security solution to the Python packaging ecosystem. One feature of TUF is the ability to embed arbitrary JSON metadata describing “targets”, which, in Python’s case, would generally mean source and binary archives for distributions.
Converting the earlier versions of PEP 426 (which still use the old key:value format as a basis) to a useful platform-neutral JSON compatible metadata format is actually fairly straightforward, and Daniel Holth already has a draft implementation of the bdist_wheel distutils command that emits a preliminary version of it.
Secure metadata distribution¶
In the wake of the rubygems.org compromise, a topic of particular interest on catalog-sig is the definition of a reliable, usable, end-to-end security mechanism that allows end users the option of either trusting PyPI to maintain the integrity of distributed packages, or maintaining their own subset of trusted developer keys.
While I’m not actively working on this myself, I’m definitely interested in the topic, and currently favour the concept of adopting The Update Framework, a general purpose software updating architecture, designed to protect from a wide variety of known attack vectors on software distribution systems. I particularly like the fact that TUF may not only address the end-to-end security problem, but also provide a far superior metadata publication system to that provided by the current incarnation of the PyPI web service.
A number of the TUF developers are now active on catalog-sig, attempting to devise an approach to securing the existing PyPI metadata, which may then evolve over time to take advantage of more of TUF’s features.
A Bit of Python Packaging History¶
The packaging
module (based on the distutils2
project) was slated for
inclusion in Python 3.3. However, it was ultimately removed, as the lead
developers of the project felt it was not yet sufficiently mature.
Following that decision, the entire approach being taken to enhancing Python’s packaging ecosystem has been in the process of being reassessed. This essay is part of my own contribution to that reassessment, and the reasoning described here is the reason I decided to offer to take on the role of BDFL delegate for any PEPs related to the packaging ecosystem.
This essay also serves as a clear declaration of my vision for how I
think we can avoid repeating the mistakes that limited the overall
effectiveness of the distutils2
effort, and make further improvements
to the Python packaging ecosystem. If this effort is successful, then
improved software distribution utilities should become one of the
flagship features of Python 3.4.
How did we get here?¶
(This section is painted in fairly broad strokes, both because the details don’t really matter, and also because I don’t want to go double check everything I would have to in order to get the details right)
Python’s packaging history largely starts with the inclusion of the
distutils
project into the standard library. This system was
really built to handle distribution of source modules and simple
C extensions, but ended up being pushed well beyond that task. I was lucky
enough to meet Greg Ward at PyCon US 2013, and he has posted a great write-up
of the early history of distutils as part of his post-conference review.
Another key piece of the puzzle was the creation of the Python Package Index to serve as a central repository for Python packages that could be shared by the entire community, without being coupled to any particular operating system or platform specific packaging format.
One notable enhancement was Phillip Eby’s setuptools
, which became
popular after he created it as part of the work he was doing for OSAF. This
was subsequently forked to create the distribute
project (like
setuptools
itself, the distribute
distribution installs both the
setuptools
and pkg_resources
modules on to the target system.
The distutils project suffered from being poorly defined and documented in many ways. In particular, the phases of distribution were not well documented and the main “metadata” file used to drive the process was a full-fledged Python script. This contrasts with other packaging systems, such as RPM, where the main metadata file may contain executable code, but is not itself executable.
setuptools took that already complicated system, and then layered more complications on top (up to and including monkey-patching the standard library distutils pacakge when imported). This limited the adoption of setuptools to those users that really needed the features it provided.
Many other parts of the Python community didn’t see the necessity, and
instead rejected setuptools as an opaque blob of magic that they didn’t
want anywhere near their systems. setuptools has also suffered PR
problems due to its close association with easy_install
, the
default behaviour of which violated many users and system administrators
assumptions about how a language specific packaging tool should behave.
The misbehaviour of easy_install
also gave the associated “egg”
binary format a poor reputation that it really didn’t deserve (although
that format does have some genuine problems, such as being difficult
to transform into platform specific binary formats, such as RPM, in a
way that complies with typical packaging policies for those platforms,
as well as failing to adequately convey compatibility limitations in
the egg filenames. Both of these deficiencies are addressed at least to
some degree by the recently approved wheel
format).
The setuptools project also inherited many of the distutils documentation
problems, although it does at least provide reasonable documentation for
most of its file formats (the significant formats on that page are
requires.txt
, entry_points.txt
and the overall egg format itself).
By contrast, even today, you won’t find a clear specification of the
expected contents of a Python sdist
archive.
The more recent pip
project builds on the setuptools defined metadata
and provides similar functionality to easy_install
, but does so in a
way that is far more palatable to a wider range of Python users.
The way setuptools was written also coupled it tightly to internal details of the standard library’s distutils package. This coupling, along with some significant miscommunication between the setuptools and distribute developers and the core development team, had effectively frozen feature development within distutils itself for a few years, as a request to avoid all refactoring changes in maintenance releases managed to morph into a complete ban on new distutils features for a number of releases.
The distribute
project was created as a fork of setuptools that aims to
act as a drop-in replacement for setuptools, with much clearer documentation
and a broader developer base. However, this project is limited in its
ability to move away from any undesirable default behaviours in setuptools,
and the naming creates confusion amongst new users.
These issues led to the creation of the distutils2
project, as a way to
start migrating to an updated packaging infrastructure. As the core
development team largely wasn’t concerned about cross platform packaging
issues, the burden of guiding the packaging improvement effort landed on a
small number of heads (mostly Tarek Ziad? and ?ric Araujo, and they became
core developers in large part because they were working on packaging and
the rest of us were just happy that someone else had volunteered to handle
the job).
The distutils2
developers did a lot of things right, including
identifying a core issue with setuptools and easy_install, where behaviour
in certain edge cases (such as attempting to interpret nonsensical version
numbers) resulted in some kind of answer (but probably not the answer you
wanted) rather than a clear error. This lead to the creation of a number of
PEPs, most notably PEP 345 (v1.2 of the metadata standard) and PEP 386
(the versioning scheme for metadata v1.2), in an attempt to better define
the expected behaviour in those edge cases. This effort was also responsible
for the creation of the standard installation database format defined in
PEP 376, which is what allows pip
, unlike easy_install
, to
support uninstallation of previously installed distributions.
At the PyCon 2011 language summit, the decision was made to adopt distutils2
wholesale into Python 3.3 as the packaging
package. At ?ric Araujo’s
recommendation, that decision was reversed late in the Python 3.3 release
cycle, as he felt the distutils2 code, and the PEPs it was based on simply
weren’t ready as the systematic fix that was needed to convince the
community as a whole to migrate to the new packaging infrastructure.
In the ensuing discussion, many good points were raised. This essay started as my attempt to take a step back and clearly define the problem that needs to be solved. Past efforts have tried to work from a goal statement that consisted of little more than “fix Python packaging”, and we can be confident that without a clearer understanding of the problems with the status quo, we aren’t going to be able to devise a path forward that works for all of these groups:
- currently satisfied distutils users
- currently satisfied setuptools/distribute users
- users that are not happy with either setuptools or distutils
Another significant recent development is that the setuptools and distribute
developers are currently working on merging the two projects back together,
creating a combined setuptools distribution that includes the best aspects
of both of these tools. The merger will also make it easier to make
incremental changes to the default behaviour (especially of
easy_install
) without abruptly breaking anyone’s tools.
Our Q & A panel at PyCon US 2013 is worth a look for interested folks.
My Position¶
I’ve been trying to ignore this problem for years. Since working at Red Hat,
however, I’ve been having to deal with the impedance mismatch between RPM
and Python packaging. As valiant as the efforts of the distutils2 folks have
been, I believe their approach ultimately faltered as it attempted to
tackle both a new interoperability standard between build tools and
installation tools (switching from ./setup.py install
to pysetup install
project
) at the same time as defining a new archiving and build tool
(switching from ./setup.py sdist
to pysetup sdist project
). This
created a very high barrier to adoption, as the new metadata standards were
only usable after a large number of projects changed their build system.
The latter never happened, and the new version of the metadata standard
never saw significant uptake (as most build tools are still unable to
generate it).
My view now is that it is necessary to take it for granted that there
will be multiple build systems in use, and that distutils
,
setuptools
and distribute
really aren’t that bad as build
systems. Where they primarily fall down is as installation tools,
through the insidious ./setup.py install
command.
That means my focus is on the developers of build tools and installation tools, to transparently migrate to a new metadata format, without needing to bother end users at all. Most Python developers should be able to continue to use their existing build systems, and with any luck, the only observable effect will be improved reliability and consistency of the installation experience (especially for pre-built binaries on Windows).